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International cooperation and the anti-trafficking regime
States have cooperated on combating trafficking in persons for over a century. Over this period, the focus of countering trafficking in persons has broadened, moving from women exclusively, to include all persons, and from prostitution to nearly all forms of exploitation. As both the definition of groups of trafficked persons and their numbers have expanded, reasons for state cooperation to combat trafficking have also changed. This paper seeks to explain what has induced state cooperation in the negotiation processes of the anti-trafficking regime in 1949 and in 2000 by applying economic and neo-liberal institutionalist international relations theories of public goods. By explaining what benefits states expected to gain in the 1949 and 2000 cases, both publically and privately through participation in negotiations on two anti-trafficking treaties, we can better understand the starting points of cooperation.
Humanitarian reform: fulfilling its promise?
As with any reform, says UN Emergency Relief Coordinator John Holmes in his article on page 4 of this issue, “you have the believers, the sceptics and the opponents.” The perspectives of all three camps are reflected in the 25 articles that make up this issue’s feature section on humanitarian reform – which we hope will contribute to a constructive and fruitful debate around the world. We are very grateful to Concern Worldwide, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Islamic Relief, OCHA’s Humanitarian Reform Support Unit, Save the Children UK, UNDP BCPR, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP for providing financial support for this issue.
Enhancing Southern capacity: rhetoric and reality
Virtually every humanitarian agency talks about their commitment to building – or enhancing – Southern capacity. To our surprise, however, our call for papers for this issue did not produce the flood of articles we expected. Perhaps this tells us something about lack of fit between rhetoric and reality? Do international agencies still define ‘capacity building’ in a way which implies that Southern recipients have no capacity to start with? Is the capacity-building industry a North-driven, patronising and uni-directional transfer of knowledge? Is there genuine commitment to helping nationally-based organisations respond to future crises? The first 15 articles in this issue address these and other questions.
Sexual violence: weapon of war, impediment to peace
FMR 27 explores the challenges and opportunities for combating sexual violence in conflict, post-conflict and development recovery contexts. Produced in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), it builds on momentum generated by the June 2006 International Symposium on Sexual Violence in Conflict and Beyond jointly convened by UNFPA, the European Commission and the Government of Belgium. Practice-oriented submissions from 40 specialists from a wide range of humanitarian agencies highlight key issues and challenges, best practices, innovative programmes and recommendations. - See more at: http://www.fmreview.org/sexualviolence#sthash.fW5kKyTb.dpuf
Palestinian displacement: a case apart?
The August 2006 issue includes a major feature on Palestinian displacement. Twenty-eight articles by UN, Palestinian and international human rights organisations, Palestinian scholars in the diaspora and Jewish and Israeli activist groups examine the root causes of the displacement of Palestinians, the consequences of the failure to apply international humanitarian law in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Palestinian entitlement to protection and compensation.
People trafficking: upholding rights and understanding vulnerabilities
This issue debates the impact of human trafficking on women, children and men whose human rights have been violated by this criminal practice, and presents case studies of countries and approaches. The production and distribution costs of this issue have been supported by grants from the Global Alliance Against Traffic on Women (GAATW), the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (UNIAP).
Sudan: prospects for peace
The November 2005 issue of FMR provides an opportunity for reflection and debate on the protection, return and reintegration of displaced Sudanese and the opportunities for building a new Sudan. The special issue – the longest ever issue of our magazine - presents 36 articles written by Northern and Southern representatives of the Government of National Unity, the UN, World Bank, Sudanese and international NGOs and representatives of diaspora communities. Supported by key Sudanese and international policymakers, the project informs a wider audience - in Sudan, the diaspora, the humanitarian and donor communities and the general public - of the mechanisms by which reconciliation has been promoted, the implications of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and challenges for the six-year transitional period.
Europe: fortress or refuge?
FMR23 focuses on asylum in Europe but also contains a substantial number of non-theme articles. You will notice some changes to the layout as we have decided to draw attention to some key developments of interest to the humanitarian community before the feature theme section. Articles highlighted in this issue include reflections on slow progress in providing protection and assistance in Darfur, the process of selecting the new head of UNHCR and an interview with Walter Kälin, the UN Secretary-General’s IDP representative.
Children of Palestine: Experiencing Forced Migration in the Middle East
Palestinian children and young people living both within and outside of refugee camps in the Middle East are the focus of this book. For more than half a century these children and their caregivers have lived a temporary existence in the dramatic and politically volatile landscape that is the Middle East. These children have been captive to various sorts of stereotyping, both academic and popular. They have been objectified, much as their parents and grandparents, as passive victims without the benefit of international protection. And they have become the beneficiaries of numerous humanitarian aid packages which presume the primacy of the Western model of child development as well as the psycho-social approach to intervention. Giving voice to individual children, in the context of their households and their community, this book aims to move beyond the stereotypes and Western-based models to explore the impact that forced migration and prolonged conflict have had, and continue to have, on the lives of these refugee children.
Conservation and Mobile Indigenous Peoples: Displacement, Forced Settlement and Sustainable Development
Wildlife conservation and other environmental protection projects can have tremendous impact on the lives and livelihoods of the often mobile, difficult-to-reach, and marginal peoples who inhabit the same territory. The contributors to this collection of case studies, social scientists as well as natural scientists, are concerned with this human element in biodiversity. They examine the interface between conservation and indigenous communities forced to move or to settle elsewhere in order to accommodate environmental policies and biodiversity concerns. The case studies investigate successful and not so successful community-managed, as well as local participatory, conservation projects in Africa, the Middle East, South and South Eastern Asia, Australia and Latin America. There are lessons to be learned from recent efforts in community managed conservation and this volume significantly contributes to that discussion.
Responding to protracted refugee situations: lessons from a decade of discussion
This RSC Policy Briefing analyses the impact of protracted displacement on the human rights and access to livelihoods of millions of people and examine how protracted displacement situations accentuate the risk of chronic regional insecurity, fragility and conflict spillover. Through tracing the history of international responses to protracted refugee situations (PRS), the brief examine the complexity of the negotiations process that led to the adoption of the 2009 UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion on PRS while suggesting steps that will be required from a broad range of actors if there is to be an adequate response to PRS in the future.
Protecting Palestinian children from political violence: the role of the international community
Drawing on extensive field and desk research, this policy brief considers the role of international and UN organisations in protecting Palestinian children. Four distinguishing features of a rights-based approach to child protection are identified: the prioritisation of child protection over national self-interest, a focus on causes and not merely effects, the need for political engagement around international legal standards, and the mobilisation of public opinion. The report concludes that international and UN organisations have allowed their protection efforts to stray a significant distance from this approach. It traces such divergence through consideration of conceptual, institutional and political factors. While the study specifically considers the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, it has important implications for child protection efforts elsewhere: raising questions about the consequences of, for example, an avowedly de-politicised, technocratic approach; institutional hierarchies; and the increasingly close and dependent relationship of child protection organisations to governmental donors.
Protecting Palestinian children from political violence: the role of the international community (Arabic)
Drawing on extensive field and desk research, this policy brief considers the role of international and UN organisations in protecting Palestinian children. Four distinguishing features of a rights-based approach to child protection are identified: the prioritisation of child protection over national self-interest, a focus on causes and not merely effects, the need for political engagement around international legal standards, and the mobilisation of public opinion. The report concludes that international and UN organisations have allowed their protection efforts to stray a significant distance from this approach. It traces such divergence through consideration of conceptual, institutional and political factors. While the study specifically considers the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, it has important implications for child protection efforts elsewhere: raising questions about the consequences of, for example, an avowedly de-politicised, technocratic approach; institutional hierarchies; and the increasingly close and dependent relationship of child protection organisations to governmental donors.
Iraq’s refugees – beyond tolerance
This policy brief considers the situation of displaced populations within Iraq's national borders and of communities of Iraqis living under difficult circumstances in a number of Middle Eastern states. It suggests that despite military and policy discourses of renewed stability in Iraq, the crisis is far from over and that mass return is unlikely as long as security remains a key concern. It presents some key principles for consideration by policy makers in government, in migration agencies and in the humanitarian networks and recommends that further research should be conducted on the scale, circumstances and patterns of movement of Iraqis within and beyond the Middle East.
Iraq’s refugees – beyond tolerance (Arabic)
This policy brief considers the situation of displaced populations within Iraq's national borders and of communities of Iraqis living under difficult circumstances in a number of Middle Eastern states. It suggests that despite military and policy discourses of renewed stability in Iraq, the crisis is far from over and that mass return is unlikely as long as security remains a key concern. It presents some key principles for consideration by policy makers in government, in migration agencies and in the humanitarian networks and recommends that further research should be conducted on the scale, circumstances and patterns of movement of Iraqis within and beyond the Middle East.
Statelessness, protection and equality
This policy brief provides a context and typology of stateless people, before examining the international law and jurisprudence as well as human rights discourse and policy that concern them. This brief draws attention to the increasingly narrow gap between the rights afforded to citizens and non-citizens and the need to address problems of statelessness as violations of international human rights norms (Van Waas 2008; Weissbrodt 2008). It argues that the persistent problems associated with statelessness noted in this brief are equally a matter for development agencies, for the denial and deprivation of nationality and the discriminatory exclusion of particular communities has a poverty-generating function. The brief concludes with recommendations to reduce and eliminate statelessness.
Development assistance and refugees: towards a North-South grand bargain?
This policy brief examines the role that development assistance can play in enhancing refugee protection and overcoming protracted refugee situations. It argues that an integrated development approach, supporting both refugees and local host communities, can be a 'win-win' solution for both Northern donors and Southern hosts, while simultaneously benefiting refugees.
Environmentally displaced people: understanding the linkages between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration
This policy brief provides an incisive overview of environmentally induced displacement, arguing for a more nuanced analysis of the problem that moves beyond the discourse of ‘environmental refugees’ and which is based on concrete data, as well as calling for substantial reform of existing protection mechanisms to incorporate the environmentally displaced in a meaningful way.